Absract Archive
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December 2010
Full length ArticleGenetic Analysis of Capsicum Commercial Varieties using RAPD Markers
Abstract
Present study was undertaken to estimate genetics diversity in local and exotic genotypes of Capsicum (chili) using Randomly Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Forty RAPD primes were used to amplify genomic DNA from eleven Capsicum genotypes. Of the 40 RAPD primers 23 primers were amplified all the Capsicum genotypes. DNA fragments of various sizes ranging from 100bp to >1000bp were amplified in various Capsicum genotypes. Among the 23 RAPD primers, the percentage of polymorphic bands ranged from 50% (OPB-07, OPB-08) to 100% (OPH-03) showing higher degree of molecular variation. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups GroupA and GroupB. It was concluded that genotypes wonderhot and ankur were most distantly related to each other and hence it is recommended that these two genotypes should be crossed to create a segregating population with maximum genetic diversity. This effort can serve determining genetic diversity among eleven commercial varieties of chilli in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Keywords: Genetic diversity, chilli, RAPD markers, cluster analysisAuthors : *M.S.R.Krishna1, Venkateswarlu Yadavalli2, S.A. Salam3 and Chinna babu Naik4
*Corresponding Author: msrkrishna81@gamil.com
Full length Article
Isolation, Characterization and Medium Optimization of Halophiles from Arabian-Sea Coast
Abstract
An Extremophiles are organisms that thrives in and even may require physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to the majority of life on Earth. The versatility of these extremophiles has enable them to populate every type of stable environment on Earth, including salt ponds, the polar regions, the deserts, hot spring, acidic or alkaline waters, and many others. Among them, Halophiles [Greek: Salt-loving] are organisms that thrive in environments with very high concentration of salt. Surface seawater and soil samples were collected from the Arabian coasts, Dandi [21° 20′ 0″ N, 72° 38′ 0″ E] and Dumas [21° 6′ 0″ N, 72° 42′ 0″ E] Gujarat (India). Four isolates were obtained having high versatility towards various ranges of salt concentrations. These microbes were found to have ability of osmoregulation through which they can maintain an internal osmotic potential that equals their external environment. Their colonical characteristics, motility, and optimization towards various salt concentrations were carried out. Each isolates showed versatility towards 0–22% NaCl concentration. Initially, isolates took 168 hrs to give visible colonies but after optimization, colonies were visible in 24 hrs.
Keywords : Halophiles; Salt-tolerance; Sea-water; Medium optimizationAuthors : Prasun Patel, Kruti Bhagalia, Nidhi Choksi and *Gaurav Shah
*Corresponding Author: drgaurav@vnsgu.ac.in
Full length Article
Phenotypic Variations in Different Tomato Genotypes
for Tospovirus, Fusarium and Root Knot Nematode Infection
Abstract
Wild species of Lycopersicon were exploited since 1940s by breeders as sources of disease resistance. Lycopersicon peruvianum has been reported to have broad resistance to isolates of tospoviruses. Apart from tospovirus resistance it provides resistance to Fusarium wilt and root knot nematode. With the availability of resistance R genes from wild sources, there is a scope to transform elite cultivars to develop disease resistant plants. So it becomes necessary to isolate useful genes from wild species and to improve the quality of elite cultivars by transforming these genes into elite cultivars. In the present study, artificial screening of tomato wild species and cultivars for resistance to tospovirus, Fusarium and root knot nematode revealed that L. peruvianum was resistant to tospovirus and Fusarium infection. Besides it was resistant to nematode attack.
Keywords: Artificial screening; Tospovirus, Fusarium; Root knot nematodeAuthors : E. Hemaprabha
*For Correspondence : hemabioteck@gmail.com
Full length Article
Production of Alcohol by Saccharomyces sp. using Natural Carbohydrate Sources
Abstract
A more general definition of fermentation is the chemical conversion of carbohydrate into alcohol or acids. The yeast species Saccharomyces cervisiae has been used in baking as well as in brewing industry for production of alcoholic beverages for thousands of years. It is extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research for alcohol production and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic organisms. Ethanol produced by yeast cells can be used as a fuel in gasohol, as an antiseptic & antidote as well as in perfumes and tinctures. It is a base for other organic compounds like ethyl halide, diethyl ether etc. So it is important to find out economical and feasible method to enhance the production of alcohol above 7% (v/v). The present work involves use of different readily available cheaper carbon sources for production of alcohol within short duration; as well as study regarding the effect of co-factors on alcohol production by Saccharomyces species. The carbon sources used involves traditional sweetening agents like honey and molasses along with different fruits. Efficiency of fermentation was examined by formation of reducing sugars by yeast during the fermentation process. Growth media supplemented with compound sugars along with proteinous source affects carbohydrate utilization & ethanol production by yeast. Higher concentration of protein adversely affects alcohol production. Yeast cells exhibit higher ethanol production when grown in media with higher percentage of carbohydrate. But higher sugar concentrations above 8 % (w/v) have inhibitory effect on ethanol yield. Addition of antioxidants rather than over ripened fruits to molasses media enhances ethanol production.
Key Words: yeast, ethanol fermentation, Saccharomyces, carbohydrate, glycogenAuthors : *M. S. Dake, S.V. Amarapurkar, M.L. Salunkhe, S.R. Kamble
*Corresponding Author: manjushadake@gmail.com
Full length Article
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Crude Seed Extract of Annona squamosa L.
Abstract
In the present study, antibacterial activity of crude seed extract of Annona squamosa was evaluated against three common test bacteria namely Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2063, Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5029. The seeds of A. squamosa were exhaustively extracted by Soxhlet apparatus successively with petroleum ether followed by hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol in ascending order of polarity. Besides this, annonin (ethyl acetate extract of methanolic seed extract) was also obtained form seed through solvent extraction. All the five extracts along with annonin were subjected to antibacterial assay through agar well diffusion method. Pronounced antibacterial activity was exhibited by annonin followed by ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. Mild or no activity was found in other extracts. Annonin was found stable at wide temperature and pH ranges. At higher pH mild reduction in activity was recorded. Partial purification of annonin was achieved through column chromatography. Analysis of annonin through TLC and HPLC methods confirms presence of more than 20 compounds. In TLC the major compound was seen as a dark brown crescent band with Rf value of 0.46. In HPLC the retention time of the primary compound was 5.051 min with 58.671% area.
Keywords: Annona squamosa; Antibacterial activity; Annonin; TLC; HPLCAuthors : *I.S. Rana1, S. Agarwal1, A.S. Rana1, M.K. Gupta2
*Corresponding Author: ranaindersingh@yahoo.com
Full length Article
Estimation of Genetic Diversity in Jackfruit Employing PCR Based D-19 RAPD Fingerprinting
Abstract
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) belongs to the family Moraceae, grows in all evergreen forest zones of the world, which include hundreds of varieties thousands of cultivars diversification based on the jacalin (lectins) concentration in the fruits. Among DNA based molecular markers, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) provide an excellent tool for studying genetic relationships. Investigation on DNA fingerprinting to estimate the genetic diversity in jackfruit using D19 primer (OPD19 – CTGGGGACTT) was used to estimate genetic diversity in five high yielding jackfruits accessions obtained from different location in GKVK campus. Good quality of DNA was extracted from five different varieties of young tender leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus by CTAB method with minor modification of high detergent concentration of 2 percent PVP and 3 percent CTAB. The quality of DNA was checked by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. The isolated DNA was quantified using UV spectrophotometer at 260nm and 280nm. And Quantified DNA was subjected for PCR amplification. 67 unambiguous, readable and reproducible RAPD markers were produced using the selected primer (OPD19 – CTGGGGACTT). The number of bands obtained the average of 13.4 bands using single primer, with the sizes ranging from 250bp to 10000bp. Of the 67 bands, 18 (21.1%) were polymorphic and shared between five individuals, while 45 (52.9%) were monomorphic in five individuals. The present study showed low to moderate genetic diversity among the 5 jackfruit accessions.
Key words: Jackfruit, Genetic diversity, DNA, PCR and RAPD.Authors : *J. Anburaj and D.N.P. Sudarmani
*Corresponding Author: geneanbu@yahoo.co.in
Short Communication
Estimation of Genetic Diversity in Jackfruit Employing PCR Based D-19 RAPD Fingerprinting
Abstract
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) belongs to the family Moraceae, grows in all evergreen forest zones of the world, which include hundreds of varieties thousands of cultivars diversification based on the jacalin (lectins) concentration in the fruits. Among DNA based molecular markers, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) provide an excellent tool for studying genetic relationships. Investigation on DNA fingerprinting to estimate the genetic diversity in jackfruit using D19 primer (OPD19 – CTGGGGACTT) was used to estimate genetic diversity in five high yielding jackfruits accessions obtained from different location in GKVK campus. Good quality of DNA was extracted from five different varieties of young tender leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus by CTAB method with minor modification of high detergent concentration of 2 percent PVP and 3 percent CTAB. The quality of DNA was checked by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. The isolated DNA was quantified using UV spectrophotometer at 260nm and 280nm. And Quantified DNA was subjected for PCR amplification. 67 unambiguous, readable and reproducible RAPD markers were produced using the selected primer (OPD19 – CTGGGGACTT). The number of bands obtained the average of 13.4 bands using single primer, with the sizes ranging from 250bp to 10000bp. Of the 67 bands, 18 (21.1%) were polymorphic and shared between five individuals, while 45 (52.9%) were monomorphic in five individuals. The present study showed low to moderate genetic diversity among the 5 jackfruit accessions.
Key words: Jackfruit, Genetic diversity, DNA, PCR and RAPD.Authors : *J. Anburaj and D.N.P. Sudarmani
*Corresponding Author: geneanbu@yahoo.co.in
Short Communications
In silico Analysis and 3D Modeling of ASAH1 Protein in Farber Lipogranulomatosis
Abstract
Farber lipogranulomatosis is an autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by acid ceramidase deficiency. The farber disease was caused by the mutation in ASAH1 gene. An insilico technique was initiated to characterize the properties and structure of the protein. The ASAH1 protein analyzed in the study showed that this is a stable protein and belong to acid ceramidase like family .The secondary structure prediction of the protein revealed that the presence of maximum number of random coils as its secondary structure elements .The 3D structure was modeled using Swiss model workspace and the structure was validated. The present study gave an outlook on ASAH1 protein and further research was carried out in preventing the disease
Key words: Farber lipogranulomatosis, ASAH1, acid ceramidase, lipid storage disease
Authors : *S.Amala
*For Correspondence : amala.santhanam@gmail.com
Development of Typhoid Vi-Capsular Polysaccharide Tetanus
Toxoid-Conjugate Vaccine: Immunogenicity Studies in Balb/c MiceAbstract
The ubiquitous and debilitating typhoid disease is caused by Salmonella typhi and is endemic in India and in many other developing countries. It is known that Vi-Capsular polysaccharides of Salmonella typhi are poorly immunogenic in young children below 5 years. In adults, the native Vi-polysaccharide typhoid vaccine does not elicit memory responses due to the inabilty of bacterial polysaccharides to stimulate T-lymphocyte mechanisms. Polysaccharides are T-cell independent in nature and are classified as T-independent (TI) antigens. However, the independent nature of polysaccharides can be overcome by conjugating its carbohydrate moieties with an immunogenic protein. Non-conjugated Vi-polysaccharide typhoid vaccines offer not more than 70% protection in children above the age of two years and in adults, and hence are not included in routine or programmatic immunization. In the present study, a new method is developed for polysaccharide-protein conjugates by conjugating the Virulence (Vi) Polysaccharide of S. typhi Ty2 to Tetanus toxoid, the carrier protein, under controlled conditions. This conjugated molecule is shown to induce efficient immunogenicity in BALB/c mice; the results indicated a 100% sero-conversion rates in BALB/c mice when compared with the available non-conjugated Typhoid vaccines. This study concludes that a newly developed Vi-polysaccharide typhoid conjugate vaccine is highly immunogenic than non-conjugated Vi-polysaccharide typhoid vaccines and induced strong anti-polysaccharide T-helper cell dependent immune responses.
Keywords: Vi-polysaccharide; Tetanus Toxoid; Immunogenicity; Seroconversion; Carbohydrate moieties
Authors : *R. Venkatesan and V.K. Srinivas
*Corresponding Author: venkatesanr@bharatbiotech.com
Review
Genetically Engineered Plants for Fungal and Bacterial Disease Resistance
Abstract
Fungal and bacterial diseases in crop plants are known to cause tremendous crop loss in fields and lead to decrease in productivity. Along with the conventional methods of controlling the disease and using biocontrol agents, introducing resistance genes from various organisms and especially from non harmful microbes and from other plants species in to the crop plants, are proved to be ideal solutions for increasing crop production and safeguarding plants in the field. The results of various researches in this field in the past few years gives a promising solution to the most challenging diseases in the agricultural crops caused by both bacterial and fungal organisms. This review article discusses the various genes, the vector constructs used for transfer and resistance obtained in different crop plants in recent years.
Keywords: fungal resistance, bacterial resistance, genetic transformation, disease resistance
Authors : M.A. Deepa
*For Correspondence : deepaaru@gmail.com